Temperance
On December 27, 1900, Carry Nation brought her campaign against alcohol to Wichita, Kansas, when she smashed up the bar at the elegant Carey Hotel. Earlier that year, Nation had abandoned the nonviolent agitation of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in favor of direct action that she called “hatchetation.” Since the Kansas Constitution prohibited alcohol, Nation argued that destroying saloons was an acceptable means of battling the state’s flourishing liquor trade.
Strike For The Cause Of Temp’rance, Wield In Your Mightiest Blow…“Strike for the Cause of Temperance,” Words by A.W. Carr, music by W. F. Heath; Boston: White, Smith & Co., 1878. Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, ca. 1870 to 1885. Music Division
Born in Kentucky in 1846, Carry Amelia Moore accompanied her family to Missouri in the 1850s. Her first husband, a physician, died of alcohol-related illness early in their marriage, leaving her to support herself, her young daughter, and her mother-in-law. Carry earned a teaching certificate and taught primary school for four years, before losing her position. At this point, according to her autobiography, she prayed that she would find a suitable husband. In 1877, she met and married David Nation–in just six weeks.
Arriving in Kansas in the 1890s, she became active in mainstream temperance organizations. The failure of Kansas authorities to enforce the ban on alcohol initially rallied some support for Nation’s attacks. However, her extreme methods and unladylike behavior ultimately distanced Nation from state and national temperance societies.
Eventually, state fairs and medicine show tours became Nation’s pulpit and source of financial security. Dressed in stark black and white, she promulgated her equally unambiguous views against liquor, tobacco, fraternal orders, and excessive fashion. Freeman Willis of New Hampshire encountered her on the state fair circuit. He later recalled the incident for a WPA interviewer:
The Belknap County Fair at Laconia was a great time for Dr. Greene. He had Carrie Nation…yes, hatchet and all…out there, once, for advertising. He spent a pile of money on advertising. And while Carrie was there the town was hers…as much of it as Dr. Greene’s money could buy.“An Old Yankee Innkeeper; His Story.” Freeman Willis, interviewee; Henry H. Pratt, author; New Hampshire, 1938-39. American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936 to 1940. Manuscript Division
Yet, Nation’s celebrity was based more on her notoriety as a hatchet-wielding saloon buster than for an appreciation of her cause. Willis recounts that he saw Nation a second time at the Buffalo State Fair. There, she complained, “they don’t believe…a lot of them don’t…that I’m the real Carrie Nation. They think I’m a fake…dressed up to imitate Carrie. I wish you’d tell them I am the real Carrie.”
Many nineteenth- and early twentieth-century reformers supported the prohibition of alcohol. Suffragists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton often urged adoption of temperance legislation. Lacking legal rights to their property, their wages, and even their children, women’s lives in the nineteenth century were easily devastated if the men they depended on “took to drink.”
Learn More
- Read the Today in History feature on the Volstead Act, which provided for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
- Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers documents the activities of those involved on all sides of the issues related to Prohibition and the temperance movement. View the special topic presentations on Carrie Nation, Prohibition, and the Anti-Prohibition Brewers.
- Visit the Kansas State Historical Society’s online presentation Carry Nation’s Hammer .
- Search across the collections on temperance to retrieve a variety of resources on the movement to prohibit alcohol in America.
- Making of America collections of books and periodicals contain extensive documentation of the temperance and prohibition efforts in the political and educational arenas. From books such as the Text-book of Temperance and Ruined by Rum to articles reporting on legislative activities in the states, one can acquire a good overview of the strategies of those involved in these movements.
- Printed Ephemera: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera includes numerous items related to the temperance and prohibition efforts including a Family Temperance Pledge.
- Bands of singing temperance advocates often accompanied Nation on her visits to Kansas liquor “joints.” A few of the temperance songs featured in the collection Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, ca. 1870 to 1885 may have been in their repertoire. One popular theme concerned alcohol’s deleterious effect on the family: Little Bessie, The Child’s Lament, and The Drunkard’s Child are written in this vein. Hear one recorded version of The Drunkard’s Childfrom the collection California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell.
- Search on the term temperance in another sheet music collection, America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets. Among its many temperance tunes is A Parody on “Uncle Sam’s Farm” which puts forward the thought:…The water is much cheaper, and much more healthy too, And never makes a man a fool— which liquors often do.
…Cold water never caused man in the gutter to be found, And never, as I know of, to feel upward for the ground.
Radio City Music Hall
Radio City Music Hall opened to the public on December 27, 1932. Located in New York City’s Rockefeller Center, this fabulous Art Deco theater is home to The Radio City Christmas Spectacular, a New York Christmas tradition since 1933, and to the women’s precision dance team known as the “Rockettes.”
John D. Rockefeller Jr. engaged New York theater and radio impresario Samuel “Roxy” Rothafel (1881-1936) to plan the theater. Designed by Donald Deskey (1894- 1989), the interior of the theater incorporates glass, aluminum, chrome, and geometric ornamentation. Deskey rejected the Rococo embellishment generally used for theaters at that time in favor of a contemporary Art Deco style.
The ceiling over the Great Stage resembles a setting sun. The immense theater was built to seat nearly 6,000 people. The stage contained built-in elevators to raise and lower scenery as well as the orchestra. Programming was a mix of films and live stage shows.
The twelve-acre complex in Midtown Manhattan known as Rockefeller Center was developed between 1929 and 1940 by John D. Rockefeller Jr., on land leased from Columbia University. Rockefeller initially planned an opera house on the site, but changed his mind after the stock market crash of 1929. One of the complex’s first tenants was The Radio Corporation of America (RCA), hence the names “Radio City” and “Radio City Music Hall.”
Learn More
- The Gottscho-Schleisner Collection contains more than 100 detailed architectural photographs of Rockefeller Center. To find these, search the collection on the phrase Rockefeller Center.
- Search Martha Graham at the Library of Congress for Radio City, to find clippings and a program for the theater’s inaugural performance, for which Graham choreographed a dance piece.
- Search across the Library’s pictorial collections to find images of Radio City and Rockefeller Center.
- Search Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers on the phrase John D. Rockefeller, Jr. to find articles about Rockefeller’s career.
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