HISTORY TODAY: August 31

1802  Captain Meriwether Lewis leaves Pittsburgh to meet up with
Captain William Clark and begin their trek to the Pacific Ocean.

''Knowing the past, we can make wise 

choices for a brighter, and more positive future.''

1303		The War of the Vespers in Sicily ends with an agreement between Charles of Valois, who invaded the country, and Frederick, the ruler of Sicily.
1756		The British at Fort William Henry, New York, surrender to Louis Montcalm of France.
1802		Captain Meriwether Lewis leaves Pittsburgh to meet up with Captain William Clark and begin their trek to the Pacific Ocean.
1864		At the Democratic convention in Chicago, General George B. McClellan is nominated for president.
1919		The Communist Labor Party is founded in Chicago, with the motto, “Workers of the world unite!”
1940		Joseph Avenol steps down as Secretary-General of the League of Nations.
1942		The British army under General Bernard Law Montgomery defeats Field Marshal Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Korps in the Battle of Alam el Halfa in Egypt.
1944		The British Eighth Army penetrates the German Gothic Line in Italy.
1949		Six of the 16 surviving Union veterans of the Civil War attend the last-ever encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, held in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1951		The 1st Marine Division begins its attack on Bloody Ridge in Korea. The four-day battle results in 2,700 Marine casualties.
1961		A concrete wall replaces the barbed wire fence that separates East and West Germany. It will be called the Berlin Wall.
1965		The US Congress creates the Department of Housing & Urban Development.
1980		The Polish government is forced to sign the Gdansk Agreement allowing the creation of the trade union Solidarity.
1990		East and West Germany sign the Treaty of Unification (Einigungsvertrag) to join their legal and political systems.
1994		The last Russian troops leave Estonia and Latvia.
1994		The Irish Republican Army (IRA) announces a “complete cessation of military operations,” opening the way to a political settlement in Ireland for the first time in a quarter of a century.
Born on August 31
1811		Théophile Gautier, French poet, novelist and author of Art for Art’s Sake.
1870		Maria Montessori, educator and founder of the Montessori schools.
1885		Dubose Heyward, novelist, poet and dramatist best know for Porgy which was the basis for the opera Porgy and Bess.
1899		Lynn Riggs, writer, her book Green Grow the Lilacs was adapted by Rodgers and Hammerstein to become Oklahoma.
1903		Arthur Godfrey, radio and television personality.
1905		Sanford Meisner, influential acting teacher.
1907		William Shawn, longtime editor of The New Yorker.
1908		William Saroyan, author and playwright (The Human Comedy).
1918		Alan Jay Lerner, playwright and lyricist (Brigadoon, Camelot).
1918		Daniel Schorr, journalist.
1935		Eldridge Cleaver, political activist and author of Soul on Fire.
1936		Marva Collins, innovative educator who started Chicago’s one-room school, Westside Preparatory.
1945		Van Morrison, Irish singer, songwriter.
1945		Itzhak Perlman, violinist.
1948		Lowell Ganz, screenwriter, (A League of Their Own) director, producer, actor.
1949		Richard Gere, actor (Pretty Woman, An Officer and a Gentleman).
1970		Deborah Ann “Debbie” Gibson, singer, songwriter, record producer, actress; youngest artist ever to write, produce and perform a Billboard #1 single (“Foolish Beat”).
1970		Queen Rania of Jordan (nee Rania al Yassin), wife of King Abdullah II.

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